(Junkers) Ju 88 @·AIRCRAFTUBE

  • Junkers Ju 88 Junkers Ju 88
    Junkers Ju 88
  • Junkers Ju 88 Junkers Ju 88
    Junkers Ju 88
  • Junkers Ju 88 Junkers Ju 88
    Junkers Ju 88
  • Junkers Ju 88 Junkers Ju 88
    Junkers Ju 88
  • Ju 88 G-6 night fighter - FuG 240 Berlin cavity magnetron radar Ju 88 G-6 night fighter - FuG 240 Berlin cavity magnetron radar
    Ju 88 G-6 night fighter - FuG 240 Berlin cavity magnetron radar
  • Ju 88 - KG77 Ju 88 - KG77
    Ju 88 - KG77
  • Montage Montage
    Montage
  • Notlandung Notlandung
    Notlandung
  • Tunisia c1942 Tunisia c1942
    Tunisia c1942
  • Junkers Ju 88A Junkers Ju 88A
    Junkers Ju 88A
  • Junkers Ju 88A Junkers Ju 88A
    Junkers Ju 88A
  • Junkers Ju 88A - 1943 Junkers Ju 88A - 1943
    Junkers Ju 88A - 1943
  • Ju 88A - c1940 Ju 88A - c1940
    Ju 88A - c1940
  • Junkers Ju 88A - LG 1<br>Eastern Front - Sept 1941 Junkers Ju 88A - LG 1<br>Eastern Front - Sept 1941
    Junkers Ju 88A - LG 1
    Eastern Front - Sept 1941
  • Junkers Ju 88A-4 Junkers Ju 88A-4
    Junkers Ju 88A-4
  • Junkers Ju 88C Junkers Ju 88C
    Junkers Ju 88C
  • Junkers Ju 88 Junkers Ju 88
    Junkers Ju 88
  • Junkers Ju 88 - Wunstorf Junkers Ju 88 - Wunstorf
    Junkers Ju 88 - Wunstorf

Junkers Ju 88

The Junkers Ju 88 was a World War II Luftwaffe twin-engine, multi-role aircraft. It was one of the most versatile planes of the war, used as a bomber, close-support aircraft, nightfighter, torpedo bomber, reconnaissance aircraft, Heavy fighter, and even as a giant flying bomb in the Mistel project. Despite its protracted development, the aircraft became one of the Luftwaffe's most crucial assets. There were about 15,000 Ju 88s built during World War II.

Design and development

In August 1935 the Reichsluftfahrtministerium submitted its requirements for a unarmed, three seat, high-speed bomber, with a payload of 800-1,000 kg. Junkers presented their initial design in June 1936, and were given clearance to build two prototypes (Wk Nr 4941 and 4942). The first two aircraft were to have a range of 2,000 km and were to be powered by two DB 600s. three further aircraft, (Wk Nrs 4943, 4944 and 4945), that were to be powered by Jumo 211 engines. The first two prototypes, Ju 88 V1 and V2 were different from the V3, V4 and V5s, in that the latter three models as they were equipped with three defensive armament positions to the rear of the cockpit, and were able to carry two 1,000 kg bombs under the inner wing. The first five prototypes had conventionally operating rearwards-retracting main gear, but starting with the V6 prototype, a main gear design that twisted the main gear strut through 90º during the retraction sequence, much like the American P-40 fighter design used, to allow the main wheels to end up above the lower end of the strut when fully retracted, was adopted as standard for all future production Ju 88 aircraft, and all other later developments in the series. These landing gear struts also made use of stacks of conical Belleville washers inside them, as their main form of suspension for takeoffs and landings. At this time radical modifications began to produce a "heavy" dive-bomber. The wings were strengthened, dive brakes were added, the fuselage was extended and the number of crew increased to four. Despite these advances, the Ju 88 was to enter the war as a medium bomber.

The aircraft's first flight was made by the prototype Ju 88 V1, which bore the civil registration D-AQEN, on 21 December 1936. When it first flew, it managed about 580 km/h (360 mph) and Hermann Göring, head of the Luftwaffe was ecstatic. It was an aircraft that could finally fulfill the promise of the Schnellbomber, a high-speed bomber. The streamlined fuselage was modeled after its contemporary, the Dornier Do 17, but with fewer defensive guns because the belief still held that it could outrun fighters. The fifth prototype set a 1,000 km (620 mile) closed-circuit record in March 1939, carrying a 2,000 kg (4,100 lb) payload at a speed of 517 km/h (320 mph). However, by the time Luftwaffe planners had had their own "pet" features added (including dive-bombing), the Ju 88's top speed had dropped to around 450 km/h (280 mph).

Dr. Heinrich Koppenberg (managing director of Jumo) assured Göring in the autumn of 1938 that 300 Ju 88s per month was definitely possible. Göring was in favour of the A-1 variant for mass production. Goring gave priority for materials to be diverted to the production of the Ju 88.

Production was delayed drastically with developmental problems. Although planned for a service introduction in 1938, the Ju 88 finally entered squadron service (with only 12 aircraft) on the first day of the attack on Poland in 1939. Production was painfully slow with only one Ju 88 manufactured per week, as problems continually kept cropping up. The Ju 88C series of heavy fighter was also designed very early in 1940, but kept secret from Göring, as he only wanted bombers.

Operational history

The Ju 88 A-1 series first flew anti-shipping sorties close to Norway. Ju 88 bombers based at Westerland on the island of Sylt in northern Germany carried out the first Luftwaffe raids against Britain. An attack on Rosyth on 16 October 1939 succeeded in damaging three ships, but was then attacked by Spitfires of No. 602 and No. 603. Squadrons of the RAF and two Ju 88s were shot down in the Firth of Forth. A raid on Scapa Flow the next day saw the loss of one Ju 88 to anti-aircraft fire.

All combat-ready Ju 88s (some 133), were pressed into the Blitzkrieg, but very high combat losses and accidents forced a quick withdrawal from action to re-train crews to fly this very high performance beast. By this time, major performance deficiences in the A-1 led to an all-out effort in a major design rework. The outcome was a longer wingspan that was deemed needed for all A-1s; thus the A-5 was born. Surviving A-1s were modified as quickly as possible, with new wings to A-5 specifications.

Battle of Britain

The Battle of Britain proved very costly. Its faster speed did not prevent Ju 88 losses exceeding those of its Dornier Do 17 and Heinkel He 111 stablemates, despite being deployed in smaller numbers than either. A series of field kits were made to make it less vulnerable, including the replacement of the rear machine gun by a twin barreled machine gun, and additional cockpit armour.

It was during the closing days of the Battle of Britain that the flagship Ju 88 A-4 went into service. Although slower yet than the A-1, nearly all of the troubles of the A-1 were gone, and finally the Ju 88 matured into the superb warplane that it was designed to be. The A-4 actually saw additional improvements including more powerful engines, but, unlike other aircraft in the Luftwaffe, did not see a model code change. The Ju 88 C series also benefited from the A-4 changes, and when the Luftwaffe finally did decide on a new heavy fighter, the Ju 88 C was a powerful, refined aircraft.

Dive bomber

In October 1937 Generalluftzeugmeister Ernst Udet had ordered the development of the Ju 88 as a heavy dive-bomber. This decision was influenced by the success of the Junkers Ju-87 Stuka in this role. The Junkers development center at Dessau gave priority to the study of pull-out systems, and dive brakes. The first prototype to be tested as a dive-bomber was the Ju 88 V4 followed by the V5 and V6. These models became the planned prototype for the A-1 series. The V5 made its maiden flight on 13 April 1938, and the V6 on 28 June 1938. Both the V5 and V6 were fitted with four bladed propellers, an extra bomb bay and a central "control system". As a dive bomber, the Ju 88 was capable of pinpoint deliveries of heavy loads; however, despite all the modifications, dive bombing still proved too stressful for the airframe, and in 1943, tactics were changed so that bombs were delivered from a shallower, 45° diving angle. Aircraft and bomb sights were accordingly modified and dive brakes were removed. With an advanced Stuvi dive-bomb sight, accuracy remained very good for its time. Maximum bomb load of the A-4 was 2,500 kg, but in practice, standard bomb load was 1,500 to 2,000 kg.

Fighter-bomber

The standard fighter-bomber version became the Ju 88C-6, applying experience acquired with the A-4 bomber, equipped with the same Jumo 211J engines. The C-6 was used mostly as fighter-bomber and therefore assigned to bomber units. As a reaction to the increasing number of attacks on German shipping, especially on U-boats in the Bay of Biscay, KG40 started flying anti-shipping patrols and escort missions from bases in France, in September 1942. They were a significant threat to the antisubmarine aircraft and operated as escort fighters for the more vulnerable Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor bombers. After the Allied invasion in Normandy, KG40 was mauled in a number of desperate attacks on the landing beaches and in July 1944, the unit was disbanded.

Night fighter

Ju 88C

First night fighter version of Ju 88 was C-2, based on A-1 and armed with one 20 mm MG FF cannon and three 7.92 mm MG 17 machine-guns placed in new metal nose. These planes entered service in Zerstörerstaffel of KG 30 and unit was renamed II./NJG 1 in July 1940.

C-6b version was C-6 Zerstörer plane equipped with FuG 202 Lichtenstein BC radar. The first four C-6b fighters were tested in early 1942 in NJG 1. The trials were successful and the aircraft was ordered into production. In October 1943, many C-6bs were upgraded with new radar systems. The first new radar equipment was the FuG 212 Lichtenstein C-1 and, in 1944, the FuG 220 Lichtenstein SN-2.

Ju 88R

The Ju 88 R-series night fighter were basically Ju 88 C-6b powered by BMW 801 engines. The R-1 had 1560 PS 801L engines and the R-2 had 1700 PS 801 G-2 engines.

One of the first aircraft from the R-1 series that went into service (factory No. 360043) was involved in one of the most significant defections which the Luftwaffe suffered. On 9 May 1943, this night fighter, which was stationed with 10./NJG 3 in Norway, flew to Dyce Airfield (now Aberdeen Airport) with its entire crew complement and complete electronic equipment on board. The fact that Spitfire fighters escorted it towards the end of its flight could indicate that its arrival had been expected. It was immediately transferred to Farnborough Airfield, received RAF markings (PJ876), and was tested in great detail. The preserved aircraft is on exhibit at the RAF Museum.

Ju 88G

All previous night fighter versions of the Ju 88 used a modified A-series fuselage. The G-series fuselage was purpose-built for the special needs of a night fighter. G-1 planes were fitted with the enlarged squared-off tail unit of the Ju 188, more powerful armament and 1,700 PS BMW 801 G-2 radial engines plus additional FuG 350 Naxos or FuG 227 Flensburg homing devices as well as the now-standard FuG 220 Lichtenstein SN-2 radar.

G-6 were equipped with 1750 PS Jumo 213A inline-V12 engines, enlarged fuel tanks and often one or two MG 151/20 cannons in a Schräge Musik installation. Guns were firing obliquely upwards and forwards from the upper fuselage - usually at an angle of 70 degrees.

Some of the final G-series models received updates to the engine, a high-altitude Jumo 213E or to the radar, FuG 218 Neptun V/R or the even newer FuG 240 Berlin N-1 centimetric radar. Only about 10-20 of those were completed, before the VE day.

Many of the Luftwaffe night fighter aces, such as Helmut Lent (110 victories) and Heinrich von und zu Sayn-Wittgenstein (87 victories) flew Ju 88s during their careers.

The Japanese Navy ordered the specifications of an antisubmarine patrol/escort fleet aircraft, based on a medium bomber. The Kyu-shu- company closely patterned the Kyu-shu- Q1W Tokai ("East Sea") "Lorna" antisubmarine patrol/fleet escort aircraft after the Ju 88.

Finnish Air Force

In early 1943, as Finland was fighting its Continuation War against the USSR, the Finnish Air Force bought 24 Ju 88s from Germany. The aircraft were transferred to No. 44 Sqn in April. The 44th Sqn, had previously been equipped with Bristol Blenheims, but these were instead transferred to No. 42 Sqn. Due to their complexity, most of 1943 was used for training the crews on the aircraft, and only a handful of bombing missions were undertaken. The most notable was the raid on the Lehto partisan village on 20 August 1943 (where the whole squadron participated), and the raid on the Lavansaari air field (leaving seven Ju 88 damaged from forced landing in inclement weather). In the summer of 1943, the Finns noted stress damage on the wings. This had occurred when the aircraft were used in dive bombing. Restrictions followed : the dive brakes were removed and it was only allowed to dive at a 45 degree angle (compared to 60-80 degrees previously). In this way, they tried to spare the aircraft from unnecessary wear.

One of the more remarkable missions was the bombing raid on 9 March 1944, against the Kasimovo airfield near Saint Petersburg, and the raid against the Aerosan base at Petsnajoki on 22 March 1944. The whole bomber regiment took part in the defence against the Soviets during the fourth strategic offensive. All aircraft flew several missions per day, day and night, when the weather permitted.

No. 44 Sqn was subordinated Lentoryhmä Sarko during the Lapland War (now against Germany), and the Ju 88s were used both for reconnaissance and for bombing. The targets were mostly vehicle columns. Reconnaissance flights were also done over northern Norway. The last war mission was flown on 4 April 1945.

After the wars, Finland was prohibited from using bomber aircraft, consequently, the Finnish Ju 88s were used for training until 1948. The aircraft were then scrapped over the following years. No Finnish Ju 88s have survived until today, but an engine is on display at the Central Finland Aviation Museum, and the structure of a German Ju 88 cockpit hood is preserved at the Finnish Aviation Museum in Vantaa.

Variants

  • Ju 88A : Main bomber type with Jumo's 211 engines.
  • Ju 88B : Prototype new fuselage, developed into Ju 188.
  • Ju 88C : Zestörer, fighter-bomber and night fighter, based on A-series, but with sheet metal nose.
  • Ju 88D : Photo Reconnaissance, based on A-series.
  • Ju 88G : night fighter, new fuselage, tail section from Ju 188, optional Schräge Musik.
  • Ju 88H : Long range Photo reconnaissance (H-1, H-3) and fighters (H-2, H-4), based on stretched G-series fuselage.
  • Ju 88P : Anti-Tank and anti-bomber variant with single Bordkanone series 50 or 75 mm or twin 37 mm cannons, small series, conversion of A-series bomber.
  • Ju 88R : C-series night fighter with BMW 801 engines.
  • Ju 88S : High speed bomber with ventral Bola gondola removed and nitrous oxide boost, fastest of all variants.
  • Ju 88T : Photo Reconnaissance version of S-series.

Operators

  • Bulgaria.
  • Finland : Finnish Air Force (24).
  • France : Armée de l'Air (captured aircraft).
  • Germany : Luftwaffe.
  • Hungary.
  • Italy (Regia Aeronautica).
  • Romania.
  • Soviet Union : Soviet Air Force (captured).
  • Spanish State : Spanish Air Force (15).

— — — = = — — —

This text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Source : Article Junkers Ju 88 of Wikipedia ( authors )

Specifications (Ju 88 A-4)

  • Crew : 4.
  • Length : 47 ft 2 in (or 14,38 m).
  • Height : 15 ft 10 in (or 4,83 m).
  • Wing span : 65 ft 10 in (or 20,07 m).
  • Wing area : 586.6 sq ft (or 54.5 m2).
  • Gross weight : 30,865 lbs (or 14,000 kg).
  • Max. Speed : 292 mph (or 254 kts or 470 km/h).
  • Service ceiling : 26,903 ft (or 8,200 m).
  • Max. range : 1,696 mi (or 1,474 nm or 2,730 km).
  • Engines : Two Junkers Jumo 211 J V12.
  • Power : 1,409 hp (or 1,051 kW) per engine.
  • Armament : Five 7.92 mm MG 81 machine guns. One MG 131 13 mm machine gun. Up to 500 Kg of bombs carried internally (ten 50 Kg bombs). Up to 3,000 Kg external bomb load : Four underwing carried bombs of up to 1.000 Kg (inside rack) and 500 Kg (outside rack).

— — — = = — — —

This text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Source : Article Junkers Ju 88 of Wikipedia ( authors )
Junkers Ju 88 : Your comments on this subject
Powered by Disqus
Top
Legal Credits FAQ Help Site Map

Terms of use for the services available on this site

By using this Website, Users agree to the following terms of use and rules :

Definitions

  • Webmaster : Head Administrator with all authority over the management and development of the Website.
  • Administrator : Anyone that was given by the Webmaster full or partial access to the Website's structure or with moderation rights on messages posted by Users.
  • User or Visitor : Any person visiting the Website pages.
  • Website : The following provisions apply to a single Website accessible via the www.aircraftube.com, www.aircraftube.org, www.aircraftube.net and www.all-aircraft.com. URL's
  • Service : All free informations and tools contained on the Website.
  • Comments : All text written by users on Blogs and comment pages available on the Website.
  • Media : All media available on or through the Website. One must distinguish the local media (photos, curves, drawings) and the external media (videos) which the Website refers.

    • Purpose of this site

    The purpose of this non-commercial site is purely educational. Reflecting a passion, it is also there to preserve the memory of all those who gave their lives, their health or energy in the name of freedom, aviation safety or simply our passenger comfort.

    Copyright

    Some media may have escaped the vigilance of Administrators with regard to copyrights. If a user reports copyright infringement, he will be asked to prove that he is indeed the rights's owner for the concerned media. If so, his decision on the Administrator's next action will be respected: A total suppression of the Media on the Website, or the addition of some owner's reference. The publication of a media on the internet normally having as a goal to make it visible to many people, the Administrators expect in any case that the second option will be most often chosen.

    Pursuant to the Law on copyright and related rights, the user has the right to download and reproduce information on the Website for personal use and provided that the source is mentionned. They cannot however be used for commercial or advertising purposes.

    Using Blogs and filing comments

  • Moderator : The Administrator reserves the right to prevent the publication of comments that are not directly related to the Service without providing any explanation. Similarly, all insults, out of scope or unethical material will be banned.
  • Identification : Persons wishing to post a comment or use any form of contact are required to provide identification by the means of a valid e-mail address.
  • Responsibilities : Comments are posted on the Website under the unique responsability of their authors and the Administrators may in no case be liable for any statements or claims that the users might have issued.

    • As the comment system is hosted and maintained on servers external to the Website, the Administrators may in no circumstances be held responsible for the use that administrators of these servers or other third parties may have with those comments or filed data.

    Content Liability

    The Administrators carefully check the reliability of the sources used. They cannot, however, guarantee the accuracy of any information contained on the Website, partly because of the multiple sources from which they come.

    JavaScript and cookies - Storing information

    This Website imperatively uses JavaScript and cookies to function properly. Neither of these technologies, or other means shall in no case be used on the Website for the retention or disclosure of personal information about Visitors. Exceptions to this rule will involve storing the Users banned for inappropriate comments they might have given as well as contact information for Users wishing to subscribe to future newsletters.

    When a user accesses the Website, the corresponding servers may automatically collect certain data, such as IP address, date and time of Website access, viewed pages and the type of browser used. This information is kept only for the purpose of measuring the number of visitors to the different sections of the site and make improvements.

    Donations - Advertising

    To continue providing the Service for free, the Webmaster reserves the right to insert advertising or promotional messages on any page of the Site. In the same idea, any donations will only by used to cover the running costs of the site, such as hosting, connection fees, hardware and software necessary for the development and maintenance of the Website.

    Links and other websites

    Administrators shall in no case be liable for the non-availability of websites operated by third parties to which users would access through the Website.

    Administrators assume no liability for any content, advertising, products and/or services available on such third party websites. It is reminded that those sites are governed by their own terms of use.

    Placing a link to third party sites or authorize a third party to include a link on their website refering to this Website does not mean that the Administrators recommend in any way the products or services offered by these websites.

    Modifications

    The Webmaster reserves the right to modify at any time without notification the present terms of use as well as all content or specific functionality that the Website offers.

    The modified terms and conditions immediately apply to the using Visitor when changes come online. Visitors are invited to consult the site regularly on the most current version of the terms and conditions

    Governing Law and Jurisdiction

    These general conditions are governed by Belgian law.

    In case of dispute regarding the interpretation and/or execution of the above terms, the parties agree that the courts of the district of Nivelles, Belgium shall have exclusive jurisdiction power.

    Credits page

    Wikipedia.org

    Wikipedia is a collaboratively edited, multilingual, free Internet encyclopedia.

    Youtube

    YouTube is a video-sharing website on which users can upload, view and share videos.

    Special thanks to all Youtube quality aviation vids providers, specially (Those I forgot, please excuse me or report) :

    Airboyd
    Andys Video
    Aviation videos archives
    Bomberguy
    Classic Aviation TV
    Historical Aviation Film Unit
    Horsemoney
    Jaglavaksoldier
    Joluqa Malta
    Just Planes
    Koksy
    Classic Airliners & Vintage Pop Culture
    Memorial Flight
    Octane130
    Okrajoe
    SDASM archives
    Spottydog4477
    The Aviators TV
    Valentin Izagirre Bengoetxea
    Vexed123
    VonBerlich
    Zenos Warbirds

    Bundesarchiv

    The German Federal Archives or Bundesarchiv are the National Archives of Germany.

    FAQ

    I don't see my comments any more!

    Please note that each page has it's own comment entry. So, if you enter a comment i.e. on the B-747, you will only see it on that related page.

    General comments are accessed via the "BLOG En" button.

    Comments are moderated, so please allow some delay before they appear, specially if you are outside Europe.

    Menus are developing below the page, because they are too long!

    But they remain accessible, for example by scrolling the mouse wheel, or with your finger (on the menu) on a smartphone or tablet.

    I see adds on all videos.

    Use a good free add remover software.

    The site is loading random pages at startup.

    We think it is a good way to bring back the memory of aircraft, persons or events sometimes quite forgotten.

    HELP PAGE

    Why this site?

    Discovery

    This website is dedicated to one's aeronautical passion (which I hope we share) and was realised mainly as an educationnal tool. Knowing that, you'll notice that each new visit brings random topics for the purpose of making new discoveries, some achievements or characters certainly not deserving the oblivion into which they have sometimes fallen.

    By these pages, we also want to pay tribute to all those who gave at one time or another, their lives or health in the name of freedom, aeronautical security or simply our comfort.

    Centralisation

    Internet is full of websites dedicated to aviation, but most are dedicated to subjects or periods that are very limited in space or time. The purpose of this site is to be as general as possible and thus treats all events as well as characters of all stripes and times while putting much emphasis on the most significant achievements.

    The same years saw birth of technologies like photography and cinema, thus permitting illustration of a large part of important aeronautical events from the start. Countless (and sometimes rare) media recently put online by enthousiasts finally give us access to these treasures, but the huge amount of information often makes things a little messy. A centralization effort is obviously most needed at this level.

    All persons who directly or indirectly contributed to the achievement or posting of such documents are here gratefully acknowledged.

    General

    Fluid website

    This site automatically fits the dimensions of your screen, whether you are on a desktop computer, a tablet or a smartphone.

    Bilingual website

    You can change the language by clicking on the flag in the upper left or via "Options" in the central menu. Of course, the videos remain in the language in which they were posted ...

    Browser compatibility

    The site is not optimized, or even designed to run on older browsers or those deliberately deviating from standards. You will most probably encounter display issues with Internet Explorer. In this case, it is strongly recommended installing a modern (and free!) browser that's respecting the standards, like Firefox, Opera, Chrome or Safari.

    Cookies and Javascript

    This site uses cookies and JavaScript to function properly. Please ensure that your browser is configured accordingly. Neither of these technologies, or other means shall in no case be used on the Site for the retention or disclosure of personal information about its Visitors. See the "Legal" page for more on this subject.

    Website layout

    Left menus

    Because of the lack of space on smartphones and small tablets, these menus are hidden. Everything is nevertheless accessible via the main menu option, located between the video and photo sections. This menu is placed there for compatibility reasons with some browsers, which play the videos over the menus.

    "Search" and "Latest" :
    The link "In Titles" restricts the search to the titles of different forms. Use this option if you are looking for a plane, a constructor, a pilot or a particular event that could have been treated as a subject.

    The link "In Stories" will bring you to a search in all texts (the "Story" tab) and will take more time. The search term will appear highlighted in green when opening the corresponding story.

    Would you believe, "Timeline" will show all subjects in chronological order.

    "Random" will reload the entire page with a new random topic.

    The bottom section keeps you abreast of the latest five entries. New topics are added regularly. Don't hesitate to come visit us often : add bookmark.

    Blogs and Comments central section

    Under the photos section comes the comments tabs window :

    You can enter general comments in your own language via one of the two buttons on the left (BLOG EN and BLOG FR). Note that these buttons are accessible regardless of the language to allow some participation in the other language.

    All comments are subject to moderation and will be published only if they comply with the basic rules of decorum, while remaining relevant to the purpose of this site.

    The third tab allows you to enter comments on the shown topic and is bilingual. Personal anecdotes, supplements and other information questions will take place here.

    The "Story" tab shows the explanatory texts. They are most often taken from Wikipedia, a site where we participate regularly.

    The "Data" tab is reserved for list of features and specifications.

    Right menus

    On a smartphone, the lack of space is growing and this menu is moved to the bottom of the page to give priority to videos and pictures.

    The top right icons are links to videos posted by third parties (on their own responsabilities) or by ourselves. The link below these icons will take you to the channel of the one who posted the video. Feel free to suggest other videos if you think they are of some interest (Use the BLOG button or the "Contact" link).